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National fine art museum in Washington, D.C., United States

This article is about the U.s. art museum. For other national fine art galleries, run into List of national galleries.

National Gallery of Art
National Gallery of Art logo.svg
Washington October 2016-12.jpg

National Gallery of Art is located in Washington, D.C.

National Gallery of Art

Location in Washington, D.C.

Evidence map of Washington, D.C.

National Gallery of Art is located in the United States

National Gallery of Art

National Gallery of Art (the United States)

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Established 1937; 85 years agone  (1937)
Location National Mall betwixt third and ninth Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20565, National Mall, Washington, D.C.
Coordinates 38°53′29″N 77°01′12″W  /  38.89139°N 77.02000°Due west  / 38.89139; -77.02000 Coordinates: 38°53′29″Due north 77°01′12″Due west  /  38.89139°N 77.02000°W  / 38.89139; -77.02000
Collection size 75,000 prints
Visitors one,704,606 (2021) - Ranked 6th globally[1]
Director Kaywin Feldman
President Mitchell Rales
Chairperson Sharon Rockefeller
Public transit access WMATA Metro Logo small.svg Washington Metro:
WMATA Red.svg Judiciary Square
WMATA Yellow.svg WMATA Green.svg archives
WMATA Blue.svg WMATA Orange.svg WMATA Silver.svg Smithsonian
Virginia Railway Express L'Enfant
Metrobus: quaternary Street and 7th Street NW
DC Circulator: quaternary Street and Madison Drive; 9th Street and Constitution Avenue NW
Website nga.gov

The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between third and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open up to the public and free of accuse, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people by a joint resolution of the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon donated a substantial art collection and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery's drove of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the evolution of Western Art from the Middle Ages to the nowadays, including the simply painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder.

The Gallery's campus includes the original neoclassical W Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked underground to the modern East Edifice, designed by I. G. Pei, and the 6.i-acre (25,000 10002) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery often presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the world and the history of art. It is ane of the largest museums in North America.

For the breadth, scope, and magnitude of its collections, the National Gallery is widely considered to exist one of the greatest museums in the U.s. of America, often ranking aslope the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York Metropolis, the Art Establish of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Of the top 3 fine art museums in the United states past almanac visitors, it is the only 1 that has no admission fee. in 2021 it attracted one,704,606 visitors, and ranked fifth on the list of most visited fine art museums in the world.[ii]

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh banker and Treasury Secretary from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a individual collection of old master paintings and sculptures during World State of war I. During the late 1920s, Mellon decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the establishment of a new national gallery for the United States.

In 1930, partly for tax reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to exist the legal possessor of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust fabricated its first major acquisition, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg as part of the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces as Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian'south Venus with a Mirror, and Jan van Eyck's Proclamation.

In 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 equally a Commissioner of the Institution's National Gallery of Art. When the director of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot not to appoint a successor, every bit he proposed to endow a new building with funds for expansion of the collections.

Notwithstanding, Mellon's trial for tax evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, acquired the plan to exist modified. In 1935, Mellon announced in The Washington Star his intention to establish a new gallery for erstwhile masters, divide from the Smithsonian. When asked past Abbot, he explained that the projection was in the hands of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on "the attitude of the Authorities towards the gift".

In January 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his altogether, 24 March 1937, an Human activity of Congress accustomed the drove and edifice funds (provided through the Trust), and approved the construction of a museum on the National Mall.

The new gallery was to be effectively self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, but took the old name "National Gallery of Art" while the Smithsonian's gallery would be renamed the "National Collection of Fine Arts" (at present the Smithsonian American Art Museum).[3] [4] [5]

Structure and later history [edit]

The museum stands on the former site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled part seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (see James A. Garfield bump-off).[6] The station was demolished in 1908 because it did not conform to the McMillan Plan for the Mall. In 1918, temporary war buildings were constructed on the site; these were demolished past 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Edifice, which was never completed. The site was and so reassigned to the new National Gallery of Art.[seven]

Designed by builder John Russell Pope, the new construction was completed and accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to see the museum completed; both died in late August 1937, merely two months after excavation had begun.[6]

Every bit anticipated by Mellon, the creation of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a number of private donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals every bit Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald and Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.

The Gallery's East Edifice was constructed in the 1970s on much of the remaining land left over from the original congressional action. Andrew Mellon'due south children, Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon Bruce, funded the building. Designed by architect I. 1000. Pei, the contemporary structure was completed in 1978 and was opened on June 1 of that year past President Jimmy Carter. The new building was built to business firm the Museum'south drove of modernistic paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, also equally study and inquiry centers and offices. The blueprint received a National Honor Award from the American Constitute of Architects in 1981.

The last addition to the complex is the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides an outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of large pieces from the Museum'southward contemporary sculpture collection.

In 2011, an extensive refurbishment and renovation of the French galleries were undertaken. As part of the celebration of the reopening of this wing, organist Alexander Frey performed four sold-out recitals of music of France in one weekend in the French Gallery.

Operations [edit]

The National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The United states of america federal government provides funds, through annual appropriations, to back up the museum'southward operations and maintenance. All artwork, too every bit special programs, are provided through private donations and funds.[8] The museum is not role of the Smithsonian Establishment.

Noted directors of the National Gallery take included David Due east. Finley, Jr. (1938-1956), John Walker (1956–1968), and J. Carter Brown (1968–1993). Earl A. "Rusty" Powell III was named director in 1993. In March 2019 he was succeeded by Kaywin Feldman, past director and president of the Minneapolis Institute of Fine art.[9] [x] The museum hired Evelyn Carmen Ramos, the offset woman and the first person of color to exist the principal curatorial and conservation officeholder, in 2021.[11]

The president of the museum is billionaire man of affairs Mitchell Rales and its chairperson is Sharon Rockefeller.[12]

Entry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Fine art is free of charge. The museum is open up daily from 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. It is closed on December 25 and January i.[13]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Gallery was largely closed to the public. Withal, visitors were able to schedule appointments to access the w building in modest numbers.[14]

Architecture [edit]

"East Building" redirects here. Not to exist confused with Eastern Building.

Exhibitions in the West Building

Exhibitions in the East Edifice

Walkway to West Building and Cascade Cafe in National Gallery of Art, Washington.D.C.

The museum comprises two buildings: the West Building (1941) and the Due east Building (1978) linked by an underground passage. The W Building, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 by architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical mode (as is Pope's other notable building in Washington, D.C., the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the form of an elongated H, the edifice is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending eastward and west from the rotunda, a pair of skylit sculpture halls provide its main circulation spine. Bright garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main axis of the building.

Dome of W Building, an archway to permanent Renaissance Fine art collections

Indoor garden court with paired Ionic columns and symmetrical planting beds. August 2021.

The West Building has an extensive collection of paintings and sculptures by European masters from the medieval period through the tardily 19th century, as well as pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the drove include many paintings past January Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Leonardo da Vinci.

In dissimilarity, the design of the E Building, by architect I. K. Pei, is geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles: one contains public galleries, and the other houses a library, offices, and a study center. The triangles establish a motif that is echoed throughout the building, realized in every dimension.

The East Edifice's central feature is a high atrium designed every bit an open interior courtroom that is enclosed past a sculptural space spanning 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m2). The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the apportionment spine for the West Building and is constructed in the same Tennessee marble.[15]

However, in 2005 the joints attaching the marble panels to the walls began to show signs of strain, creating a take a chance that panels might autumn onto visitors below. In 2008, NGA officials decided that it had become necessary to remove and reinstall all of the panels. The renovation was completed in 2016.[16]

The East Building focuses on modern and contemporary fine art, with a drove including works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Alexander Calder, a 1977 mural by Robert Motherwell and works by many other artists. The East Building also contains the main offices of the NGA and a large research facility, Centre for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA). Among the highlights of the E Building in 2012 was an exhibition of Barnett Newman's The Stations of the Cross series of 14 black and white paintings (1958–66).[17] Newman painted them later on he had recovered from a heart assail; they are commonly regarded as the peak of his achievement.[ commendation needed ] The serial has also been seen as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.[eighteen]

The two buildings are connected past a walkway beneath quaternary street, called "the Concourse" on the museum's map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Art commissioned American artist Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an creative installation. Today, Multiverse is the largest and most complex light sculpture by Villareal featuring approximately 41,000 computer-programmed LED nodes that run through channels along the entire 200 ft (61 m)-long infinite.[19] The concourse also includes the nutrient court and a gift store.

The final element of the National Gallery of Art complex, the Sculpture Garden was completed in 1999 later more than 30 years of planning. To the west of the West Edifice, on the opposite side of Seventh Street, the 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) Sculpture Garden was designed by mural builder Laurie Olin[xx] as an outdoor gallery for monumental mod sculpture.

The Sculpture Garden contains plantings of Native American species of canopy and flowering trees, shrubs, footing covers, and perennials. A round reflecting pool and fountain form the centre of its design, which arching pathways of granite and crushed stone complement. (The pool becomes an ice-skating rink during the winter.) The sculptures exhibited in the surrounding landscaped surface area include pieces past Marc Chagall, David Smith, Marking Di Suvero, Roy Lichtenstein, Sol LeWitt, Tony Smith, Roxy Paine, Joan Miró, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.[21]

The vestibule of National gallery of Fine art Eastward Building

Taken at the outside wall of National gallery of Art E Building

Renovations [edit]

The NGA's West Edifice was renovated from 2007 to 2009. Although some galleries closed for periods of time, others remained open.[22]

Subsequently congressional testimony that the Due east Building suffered from "systematic structural failures", NGA adopted a Main Renovations Plan in 1999. This plan established the timeline for endmost the building, and planned for the renovation of the electronic security systems, elevators, and HVAC.[23] Space between the ceilings of existing galleries and the building'due south skylights (which was never completed when the building was constructed in 1978)[23] would exist renovated into two, 23 ft (7.0 m) high, hexagonal Tower Galleries. The galleries would have a combined 12,260 sq ft (i,139 mii) of space and will be lit by skylights. A rooftop sculpture garden would also be added. NGA officials said that the Tower Galleries would probably business firm modern art, and the creation of a distinct "Rothko Room" was possible.

Starting time in 2011, NGA undertook an $85 million restoration of the East Building's façade.[24] The East Building is clad in 3 in (vii.6 cm) thick pinkish marble panels. The panels are held about 2 in (5.1 cm) away from the wall by stainless steel anchors. Gravity holds the panel in the bottom anchors (which are placed at each corner), while "button head" anchors (stainless steel posts with large, flat heads) at the superlative corners keep the console upright. Mortar was used on the gravity anchors to level the stones. Joints of flexible colored neoprene were placed between the panels. This organisation was designed to allow each panel to hang independent of its neighbors, and NGA officials say they are not enlightened of whatsoever other panel system like it.

Nevertheless, many panels were accidentally mortared together. Seasonal heating and cooling of the façade, infiltration of moisture, and shrinkage of the building'southward structural concrete past 2 in (5.ane cm) over time caused extensive damage to the façade. In 2005, regular maintenance showed that some panels were croaky or significantly damaged, while others leaned by more than 1 in (2.5 cm) out from the edifice (threatening to autumn).

The NGA hired the structural engineering firm Robert Silman Associates to determine the cause of the problem.[25] Although the Gallery began raising private funds to fix the event,[25] eventually federal funding was used to repair the building.[24] In 2012, the NGA chose a articulation venture, Balfour Beatty/Smoot, to complete the repairs. Anodized aluminum anchors replaced the stainless steel ones, and the top corner anchors were moved to the center of the tiptop border of each rock. The neoprene joints were removed and new colored silicone gaskets installed, and leveling screws rather than mortar used to go on the panels square. Work began in November 2011,[25] and originally was scheduled to end in 2014.[24] By February 2012, however, the contractor said work on the façade would finish in belatedly 2013, and site restoration would take place in 2014.[25] The Due east Building remained open throughout the projection.[22]

In March 2013, the National Gallery of Fine art announced a $68.4 million renovation to the East Edifice. This included $38.4 meg to refurbish the interior mechanical plant of the structure,[23] and $30 million to create new exhibition space.[22] Because the angular interior infinite of the East Building made it impossible to close off galleries,[23] the renovation required all but the atrium and offices to shut by December 2013. The structure remained airtight for three years. The architectural business firm of Hartman-Cox oversaw both aspects of the renovation.[23]

A group of benefactors — which included Victoria and Roger Sant, Mitchell and Emily Rales, and David Rubenstein — privately financed the renovation. The Washington Mail reported that the donation was one of the largest the NGA had received in a decade.[22] NGA staff said that they would use the closure to conserve artwork, program purchases, and develop exhibitions. Plans for renovating conservation, structure, exhibition prep, groundskeeping, office, storage, and other internal facilities were also set up, but would non be implemented for many years.[23] [26]

Buildings [edit]

  • The West Building soon after construction, looking southeast from the National Mall

  • N face of the Due west Building, with the west side of the East Building and the United States Capitol in background

  • South face up of the Due west Edifice (2014)

  • Rotunda of the West Building below dome (2004)

  • Oculus of the West Building dome (2008)

  • W Building sculpture gallery (2007)

  • West Building garden court (2010)

  • Satellite epitome of National Gallery of Art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)

  • Center of Westward Building plaza, looking west towards West Building (2010)

  • Fountain in West Building plaza (2010)

  • View of fountain from concourse beneath West Building plaza (2013)

  • Center of Due west Building plaza, looking east towards entrance of Due east Edifice (2000)

  • South face of East Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)

  • Southwest corner of Eastward Building, looking eastward (2007)

  • Southwest corner of East Building during renovation, looking northeast (2014)

  • Due east Building atrium (2007)

  • Due east Building atrium (2007)

Collection [edit]

Gerard van Honthorst'southward monumental 1623 masterwork, The Concert, was acquired past the NGA in 2013 and went on brandish for the first fourth dimension in 218 years.

The NGA's collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent collection date from the Center Ages to the nowadays. The Italian Renaissance collection includes ii panels from Duccio's Maesta, the tondo of the Admiration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli work on the aforementioned bailiwick, Giorgione's Allendale Nascence, Giovanni Bellini's The Feast of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.

The collections include paintings by many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Ragamuffin, by El Greco, and works past Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elder, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, amidst others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works as the Beaker of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work by Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent drove include the 2nd of the two original sets of Thomas Cole's series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the first fix is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley (2 other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).

The National Gallery'southward impress drove comprises 75,000 prints, in addition to rare illustrated books. It includes collections of works past Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, William Blake, Mary Cassatt, Edvard Munch, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg. The collection began with 400 prints donated by v collectors in 1941. In 1942, Joseph East. Widener donated his entire collection of near ii,000 works. In 1943, Lessing Rosenwald donated his drove of viii,000 quondam master and modern prints; between 1943 and 1979, he donated almost 14,000 more works. In 2008, Dave and Reba White Williams donated their collection of more than 5,200 American prints.[27]

In 2013, the NGA purchased from a private French collection Gerard van Honthorst'southward 1623 painting, The Concert, which had not been publicly viewed since 1795. After initially displaying the ane.23 by 2.06 k (4.0 past 6.8 ft) The Concert in a special installation in the West Building, the NGA moved the painting to a permanent display in the museum'south Dutch and Flemish galleries.[28] Art experts estimated the sale toll of The Concert at $twenty million, though the NGA did not reveal the corporeality that it had paid.[29]

Highlights of the drove [edit]

Selected highlights from the American collection [edit]

  • Thomas Cole, A View of the Mount Laissez passer Called the Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch), 1839

Run across also [edit]

  • Collections of the National Gallery of Art
  • List of original Hermitage paintings in the National Gallery of Art

References [edit]

  1. ^ The Art Newspaper Review, March 28,2022
  2. ^ The Art Paper annual museum visitor survey, published March 28,2022
  3. ^ Fink, Lois Marie "A History of the Smithsonian American Art Museum", University of Massachusetts Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-55849-616-three, affiliate iii
  4. ^ National Gallery of Art website: general introduction Archived December eight, 2006, at the Wayback Car
  5. ^ National Gallery of Fine art website: chronology Archived April 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b "National Gallery of Art, W Edifice". American Architecture. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  7. ^ "Cultural Landscape Inventory: The Mall (Part 2)" (PDF). U.Southward. National Park Service. 2006. pp. 49, 53, 72. Retrieved 2021-02-22 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Major Giving FAQS". www.nga.gov . Retrieved 2022-04-10 .
  9. ^ Kerr, Euan, "Mia'due south director will get out to caput National Gallery", Minnesota Public Radio News, December 11, 2018.
  10. ^ McGlone, Peggy, "The National Gallery of Fine art will have a female person managing director for the first time in its history", The Washington Mail, December 11, 2018.
  11. ^ Greenberger, Alex (2021-05-13). "Latinx Art Expert East. Carmen Ramos Named Master Curator of National Gallery of Fine art". ARTnews.com . Retrieved 2021-08-03 .
  12. ^ Selvin, Claire (2019-09-27). "National Gallery of Art Names Darren Walker Trustee, Mitchell Rales Appointed President". ARTnews . Retrieved 2019-09-28 .
  13. ^ "National Gallery of Art". Maps and Hours. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03.
  14. ^ "Degas at the Opéra". National Gallery of Art. 2020-08-25.
  15. ^ NGA.gov Archived October three, 2009, at the Wayback Automobile
  16. ^ Leigh, Catesby (December 8, 2009). "An Ultramodern Building Shows Signs of Age". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016.
  17. ^ "In The Tower: Barnett Newman". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on one February 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  18. ^ Menachem Wecker (August one, 2012). "His Cross To Bear. Barnett Newman Dealt With Suffering in 'Zips'". The Jewish Daily Frontward. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved Baronial viii, 2012.
  19. ^ "Leo Villareal: Multiverse". www.nga.gov.
  20. ^ "About the Gallery". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  21. ^ "Visit: Sculpture Garden". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  22. ^ a b c d Boyle, Katherine and Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "National Gallery of Art Announces $30 Million Renovation to East Building." Washington Postal service. March 12, 2013. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-13.
  23. ^ a b c d east f Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Sees Long-Term Benefit in Long Endmost of Eastward Building." Washington Post. March 13, 2013. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Motorcar Accessed 2013-03-22.
  24. ^ a b c Kelly, John. "Why National Gallery'due south E Building Shed Its Pink Marble Skin." Washington Mail. February 21, 2012. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Automobile Accessed 2013-03-thirteen.
  25. ^ a b c d Dietsch, Deborah M. "National Gallery of Art's Famed East Building Gets a Facelift." Washington Business Journal. Feb 3, 2012. Archived October xviii, 2015, at the Wayback Auto Accessed 2013-03-thirteen.
  26. ^ "The CIVITAS Chronicles". traditional-building.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23.
  27. ^ "Prints". Nga.gov. 2013-06-nineteen. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .
  28. ^ Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Acquires 'The Concert' by Dutch Golden Age Painter Honthorst." Washington Mail service. November 22, 2013. Archived August 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-xi-22.
  29. ^ Vogel, Ballad "National Gallery Acquires a van Honthorst Masterwork." New York Times. Nov 21, 2013. Archived February 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
  30. ^ "Provenance". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .

Further reading [edit]

  • David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, Knopf, 2006, ISBN 0-679-45032-seven
  • Neil Harris, Upper-case letter Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Feel, Academy of Chicago Press, 2013, ISBN 9780226067704
  • Andrew Kelly, Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Culture, and the Alphabetize of American Design, University Press of Kentucky, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-viii
  • "The National Gallery of Art, Washington", special number of Connaissance des Arts, Société Français de Promotion Artistique (2000) ISSN 1242-9198

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • NGA Collection
  • Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library
  • Eye for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art

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